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Last
Update: Studies on Judaism in Light of the NPP Commentaries that Engage the NPP This
bibliography is my collection, annotation and contribution to the growing
mass of literature on the New Perspective on Paul (NPP). It is by no means an exhaustive collection,
although I hope it is far more extensive than the average bibliography you’ll
find at the end of lecture notes or even at the back of a textbook. There are works that could appear under three
or four different headings (esp. when they deal with Luther, Law,
Justification and Judaism rolled into one!).
I have tried to stratify the various monographs and articles in a
thematic way, but some works could easily overlap under different headings. I have also cited only a handful of
materials available on the internet and I limited my selection to works which
I deem to be significant to the on-going debate. A fuller referencing of electronic
materials is conveniently catalogued on the ‘Paul Page’. My thanks to Mark Mattison
for posting this bibliography on his webpage and I hope it benefits students
and scholars alike. Mark M. Mattison, “A Summary of the New Perspective on Paul.” http://www.thepaulpage.com/Summary.html.
James
A. Meek, “The New Perspective on Paul:
An Introduction for the Uninitiated,” Concordia
Journal 27 (2001): 208-33. Jay E. Smith, “The New Perspective on Paul: A Select and
Annotated Bibliography,” Criswell Theological Review 2.2 (2005):
91-111. Michael B. Thompson, The New Perspective on
Paul ( C. G. Montefiore, Judaism
and G. F.
Moore, “Christian Writers on Judaism,” HTR
14 (1921): 197-254. G. F.
Moore, Judaism in the First Centuries
of the Christian Era (2 vols.; Harvard: HUP,
1927). W. D.
Davies, Paul and Rabbinic Judaism: Some
Rabbinic Elements in Pauline Theology (4th ed.; Samuel Sandmel, The Genius
of Paul: A Study in History (New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1958). H. J. Schoeps, Paul: The
Theology of the Apostle in the Light of Jewish Religious History (Philadelphia:
Westminster, 1961). Krister Stendahl, “The Apostle Paul and
the Introspective Conscience of the West,” HTR 56 (1963): 199-215; repr. in Paul among Jews
and Gentiles (London: SCM, 1976), 76-96.
The seminal article where Stendahl urges
that Paul had a ‘robust conscience’ and did not wrestle with feelings of
personal guilt like Augustine and Luther. E.P.
Sanders, “Patterns of Religion in Paul and Rabbinic Judaism: A Holistic
Method of Comparison,” HTR 66
(1973): 455-78. E.P.
Sanders, “The Covenant as a Soteriological Category
and the Nature of Salvation in Palestinian and Hellenistic Judaism,” in Jews, Greeks and Christians, eds.
Robert Hamerton Kelly and Robin Scroggs
(Leiden: Brill, 1976), 11-44. E. P.
Sanders, Paul and Palestinian Judaism:
A Comparison in Patters of Religion (London: SCM, 1977). The ground-breaking book by Sanders where
he proposes his view of Palestinian Judaism as covenantal nomism:
“Covenantal nomism is the view that one’s place in
God’s plan is established on the basis of the covenant and that the covenant
requires as the proper response of man his obedience to its commandments,
while providing means of atonement for transgression” (p. 75); “The ‘pattern’
or ‘structure’ of covenantal nomism is this: (1)
God has chosen Israel and (2) given the law.
The law implies (3) God’s promise to maintain the election and (4) the
requirement to obey. (5) God rewards
obedience and punishes transgression.
(6) The law provides for means of atonement, and atonement results in
(7) maintenance or re-establishment of the covenantal relationship. (8) All those who are maintained in the
covenant by obedience, atonement and God’s mercy belong to the group which
will be saved. An important
interpretation of the first and last points is that election and ultimately
salvation are considered to be God’s mercy rather than human achievement” (p.
422). E.P.
Sanders, “On the Question of Fulfilling the Law in Paul and Rabbinic
Judaism,” in Donum Gentilicum: New
Testament Studies in Honour of David Daube, eds. C.K. Barrett, E. Bammel
and W.D. Davies (Oxford: Clarendon, 1978), 103-26. E.P.
Sanders, “Paul’s Attitude Toward the Jewish People,” USQR 33 (1978): 175-87. E. P.
Sanders, Paul, the Law, and the Jewish
People (Fortress: Philadelphia, 1983). E.P.
Sanders, Paul (Oxford: OUP, 1991). Dale C.
Allison, “Jesus and the Covenant: A Response to E.P. Sanders,” JSNT 29 (1987): 57-78. C. K. Barrett, “Paul and the Introspective Conscience,” in
The Bible, the Reformation and the
Church: Festschrift for James Atkinson, ed. W. P. Stephens (Sheffield:
Sheffield Academic Press, 1995), 36-48. Paul
Barnett, “Galatians and Earliest Christianity,” RTR 59 (2000): 112-29. Markus Barth, "Jews and Gentiles: The Social Character of
Justification in Paul," JES 5
(1968): 241-67. F. Best,
“The Apostle Paul and E.P. Sanders: The Significance of Paul and Palestinian
Judaism,” ResQ 25 (1982): 65-74. Michael
F. Bird, “When the Dust Finally Settles: Reaching a Post New Perspective Perspective,” Criswell
Theological Review (forthcoming 2005).
Bird argues that Judaism was variegated and some strands emphasized
grace and others obedience. Merit
theology (of some kind) does provide the backdrop for Paul’s formulation of
law and justification. However, Paul’s
primary problem was not confronting legalism but trying to get Gentiles
accepted as Gentiles by Jews into
fellowship. Michael
F. Bird, “Justification as Forensic Declaration and Covenant Membership: A Via Media between Reformed and
Revisionist Readings of Paul,” (forthcoming in Tyndale Bulletin). This article
contends that justification includes God’s declaration of righteousness for
believers and the inclusion of Gentiles into the people of God. Paul confronts an “ethnocentric nomism” and espouses a view of justification whereby God
“creates a new people with a new status in a new covenant as a foretaste of
the new age”. Brendan
Byrne, “Interpreting
Romans Theologically in a Post-‘New Perspective’ Perspective,” HTR 94 (2001): 227-41. Byrne considers himself within the NPP but
still thinks that the NPP is theologically impoverished since it fails to
adequately reckon with the intense exploration of human sin and alienation
from God in the early part of Romans. Brendan
Byrne, “Interpreting Romans: The New Perspective and Beyond,” Interpretation 58 (2004): 241-52. W.
S. Campbell, “The New Perspective on
Paul: Review Article.” ExpT 114.11 (2003): 383-86. Review of Seyoon
Kim, Paul and the New Perspective,
Michael B. Thompson, The New
Perspective on Paul, and Simon J. Gathercole, Where is the Boasting?. Campbell thinks that these works are
significant but fail to abolish or refute the primary contentions of the NPP. D. A.
Campbell, “The DIAQHKH from Durham: Professor Dunn’s The Theology of Paul the Apostle,” JSNT 72 (1998): 91-111. Tim
Chester, “Justification, Ecclesiology and the New Perspective,” Themelios 30
(2005): 5-20. A critical, yet sympathetic reading of the NPP (see esp.
his summary on the pros and cons of the NPP on pp. 18-19). Michael
Cranford, “The Possibility of
Perfect Obedience: Paul and an Implied Premise in Galatians 3:10 and 5:3,”
NovT 36
(1994): 242-58. Michael Cranford,
“Abraham in Romans 4:
The Father of All Who Believe,” NTS
41 (1995): 71-88. A. Andrew Das, “Beyond
Covenantal Nomism: Paul, Judaism, and Perfect
Obedience,” Concordia Journal 27 (2001): 234-52. James E.
Davidson, "The Patterns of Salvation in Paul and in Palestinian
Judaism," JRS 15 (1989):
99-118. W. D.
Davies, "Paul: from the Jewish Point of View," in The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 3
- The Early Roman Period, eds. William Horbury,
W. D. Davies and John Sturdy (Cambridge: CUP, 1999), 3.678-730. Terence
L. Donaldson, “Zealot and Convert: The Origin of Paul’s Christ-Torah
Antithesis,” CBQ 51 (1989): 655-82. James D.
G. Dunn, “The New Perspective on Paul,” BJRL
65 (1983): 95-122. James D. G. Dunn, “A Man More
Sinned Against than Sinning? A Response to Carl Trueman,”
http://www.thepaulpage.com/Response.html. Dunn’s impassioned response against Trueman’s accusation that Dunn repudiates the reformers.
James D. G. Dunn, “Did
Paul have a covenant theology? reflections on Romans 9.4 and 11.27,” In Concept of the Covenant in the Second
Temple Period, Stanley E. Porter and Jacqueline De-Roo,
eds., (Leiden: Brill, 2003), 287-307. James D. G. Dunn,
"Paul and Justification by Faith," in The Road From James D.
G. Dunn, “The Theology of Galatians: The Issue of Covenantal Nomism,” Pauline
Theology Volume 1: Thessalonians, Philippians, Galatians, Philemon, ed. Jouette M. Bassler
(Minneapolis: Fortress, 1991), 125-146. Pamela Eisenbaum, “A Remedy for Having Been Born of Woman:
Jesus, Gentiles, and Genealogy in Romans,” JBL 123/4 (2004): 671-7-2. Timo Eskola, “Paul, Predestination
and Covenantal Nomism – Reassessing Paul and
Palestinian Judaism,” JJS (1997):
390-412. J. M.
Espy, “Paul’s ‘Robust Conscience’ Re-examined,” NTS 31 (1985): 161-88. J.V. Fesko, “N.T. Wright and the Sign
of the Covenant,” SBET 23 (2005): 30-39. Donald B. Garlington, “The New
Perspective on Paul: An Appraisal Two Decades Later,” Criswell Theological
Review 2.2 (2005): 17-38. Robert H.
Gundry, “Grace, Works, and Staying Saved in Paul,” Bib 66 (1985): 1-38. Simon Gathercole, “After the New Perspective: Works,
Justification and Boasting in Early Judaism and Romans 1-5,” TynBul 52 (2001): 303-6. Simon Gathercole, “Early
Judaism and Covenantal Nomism: An Article-Review,” EQ
76 (2004): 153-162. Donald A.
Hagner, “Paul and Judaism: The Jewish Matrix of
Early Christianity: Issues in the Current Debate,” BBR 3 (1993): 111-130. Donald A.
Hagner, “Paul and Judaism: Testing the New
Perspective,” in Revisiting Paul’s
Doctrine of Justification (Downers Grove, IL: IVP, 2001), 75-105. Donald A. Hagner, “Paul’s Quarrel with
Judaism,” in Anti-Semitism and Early Christianity: Issues of Polemic and
Faith, eds. Craig A. Evans and Donald A. Hagner
(Minneapolis: Fortress, 1993) 128-50. James M.
Hamilton Jr., “N.T. Wright and Saul’s Moral Bootstraps,” TrinJ 25 (2004), 139-55. Hamilton contends that Wright over-emphasizes
the lack of merit theology in Judaism. Daniel J. Harrington, “Paul and Judaism: 5 Puzzles.” Bible Review 9 (1993): 19-25, 52. Roman Heiligenthal, "Soziologische
Implikationen der paulinischen Rechhfertigungslehre
im Galaterbrief am Beispiel der 'Werke des Gesetzes'. Beobachtunger zur Identitätsfindung einer frühchristenlichen Gemeinde,"
Kairos 26
(1984): 38-53. Morna D. Hooker, “Paul and Covenantal Nomism,”
in Paul and Paulinism:
Essays in Honour of C.K. Barrett, eds. M.D.
Hooker and S.G. Wilson (London, 1982), 47-56. Bruce Longenecker, “On Critiquing the
‘New Perspective’ on Paul: A Case Study,” 96 ZNW (2005): 263-271. Donald Macleod, “How Right Are the Justified? Or, What is a Dikaios?” SBET 22.2 (2004): 173-95. Donald
Macleod, “The New Perspective: Paul, Luther and Judaism,” SBET 22 (2004): 4-31 I. Howard
Marshall, “Salvation, Grace and Works in the later Writings in the Pauline
Corpus,” NTS 42 (1996): 339–58. J. Louis Martyn, “Events in Galatia: Modified Covenantal Nomism Versus God’s Invasion of the Cosmos in the
Singular gospel: A Response to J. D. G. Dunn and B. R. Gaventa,”
in Pauline Theology Volume 1:
Thessalonians, Philippians, Galatians, Philemon, ed. Jouette
M. Bassler (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1991), 160-79. Frank J. Matera, “Galatians in Perspective: Cutting a New Path
through Old Territory,” Int 54 (2000):
233-43. R. B.
Matlock, “Sins of the Flesh and Suspicious Minds: Dunn’s New Theology of
Paul,” JSNT 72 (1998): 67-90. R. Barry Matlock, “Almost Cultural Studies? Reflections on
the ‘New Perspective’ on Paul,” in Bible/Cultural
Studies: The Third Sheffield Colloquium, eds. J. Cheryl Exum and Stephen D. Moore (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic
Press, 1998), 433-59. Douglas
Moo, “Excursus: Paul, ‘Works of the Law,’ and First-Century Judaism,” in The Epistle to the Romans (NICNT;
Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1996), 211-17. C. F. D. Moule, “Jesus, Judaism, and Paul,” in Tradition and Interpretation in the New
Testament: Essays in Honor of E. Earle Ellis for His 60th Birthday, eds.
Gerald F. Hawthorne and Otto Betz (Tübingen: Mohr/Siebeck, 1987), 43-52. Nicholas
Perrin, “A Reformed Perspective on the New Perspective,” WTJ 67 (2005): 381-89. Charles L. Quarles, “The New Perspective and the Means of
Atonement in Jewish Literature of the Second Temple Period,” Criswell
Theological Review 2.2 (2005): 39-56. Charles
L. Quarles, “The Soteriology of R. Akiba and E.P. Sanders' Paul and Palestinian Judaism,” NTS 42 (1996): 185-95. Heikki Räisänen, “Legalism and Salvation by the Law,”
in Die Paulinische Literatur und
Theologie (FS S. Pedersen; Göttingen, 1980), 63-83. Karl Olav
Sandnes, “‘Justification by Faith’ – An Outdated
Doctrine? The ‘New Perspective’ on
Paul – A Presentation and Appraisal,” Theology
and Life 17-19 (1996): 127-46. Thomas R. Schreiner, “Israel’s Failure
to Attain Righteousness in Romans 9:30-10:3,” TrinJ 12 (1991): 209-20. Christian Stettler,
“Paul, the Law and Judgement by Works,” EQ
76 (2004): 195-215. Mark A. Seifrid,
“Blind Alleys in the Controversy over the Paul of History,” TynBul 45 (1994): 73-96 Mark A. Seifrid,
“The ‘New Perspective on Paul’ and its Problem,” Them 25 (2000): 4-18. Vincent
M. Smiles, “The concept of ‘zeal’ in Second-Temple Judaism and Paul's
critique of it in Romans 10:2,” CBQ
64 (2002): 282-299. Charles
H. Talbert, “Paul on the Covenant,” RevExp 84 (1987): 299-313. Charles
H. Talbert, “Freedom and Law in Galatians,” Ex Auditu 11 (1995): 17-28. Charles
H. Talbert, “Paul, Judaism, and the Revisionists,” CBQ 16 (2001): 1-22. Frank Thielman, “Paul as Jewish Christian Theologian: The
Theology of Paul in the Magnum Opus of James Dunn,” Perspectives in Religious Studies 25 (1998): 381-87. Carl Trueman, “A Man More Sinned Against than Sinning? The Portrait of Martin Luther in
Contemporary New Testament Scholarship: Some Casual Observations of a Mere
Historian.” Unpublished paper presented at Tyndale
Fellowship in Cambridge in 2000. http://www.crcchico.com/covenant/trueman.html.
Gerhard
H. Visscher, "New Views regarding Legalism and
Exclusivism in Judaism: Is There a Need to
Reinterpret Paul?" Koinonia 18
(1999): 15-42. Francis
Watson, “Not the New Perspective,” Unpublished paper delivered to the British
New Testament Conference 2001. http://www.abdn.ac.uk/divinity/staff/watsonart.shtml. An excellent article by a NPP
turncoat! Watson’s taxonomy of the NPP
using the Calvinistic acronym TULIPS is humorous and worth reading, not to
mention the reasons for his change of mind on the issue. Stephen Westerholm, “The Righteousness of the Law and the
Righteousness of Faith in Romans,” Interpretation
55 (2004): 253-64. N. T.
Wright, “The Paul of History and the Apostle of Faith,” TynBul 29 (1978): 61-88
Synopsis: The debate between E Käsemann and
K Stendahl about justification and salvation
history may be resolved with the help of a new overall view of Pauline
theology. For Paul, the messiah
represents his people, so that a crucified messiah means a crucified N.T.
Wright, “Gospel and Theology in Galatians,” in Gospel in Paul: Studies on
Corinthians, Galatians and Romans for Richard N. Longenecker,
eds. L. Ann Jervis and Peter Richardson (JSNTSup
108; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1994), 222–239. N.T. Wright, “Two Radical Jews: a review article of Daniel
Boyarin, A Radical Jew: Paul and the Politics of
Identity,” Reviews in
Religion and Theology 3 (1995): 15–23. N.T. Wright, “Romans and the Theology of Paul,” in Pauline
Theology, Volume III, eds. David M. Hay & E. Elizabeth Johnson,
(Minneapolis: Fortress, 1995), 30–67. (Republished, with minor alterations,
from SBL 1992 Seminar Papers, ed. E. H. Lovering,
pp. 184–213). N.T. Wright, “New Exodus, New Inheritance: the Narrative
Substructure of Romans 3—8,” in Romans and the People of God: Essays in
Honor of Gordon D. Fee on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday, eds. S. K. Soderlund & N. T. Wright (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1999), 26–35. N.T. Wright, “The Letter to the Galatians: Exegesis and
Theology,” in Between Two Horizons: Spanning New Testament Studies and
Systematic Theology, eds. Joel B. Green & Max Turner ( N.T. Wright, “Coming
Home to St Paul? Reading Romans a Hundred Years after Charles Gore,” SJT
55 (2002): 392–407. N.T.
Wright, “Redemption from the New Perspective,” in Redemption, eds.
S.T. Davis, D. Kendall, & G. O’Collins ( Paul F.
M. Zahl, “A New Source for Understanding German
Theology: Käsemann, Bultmann,
and the ‘New Perspective on Paul’,” Sewanee
Theological Review 39 (1996): 413-22. Paul F.
M. Zahl, "E. P. Sanders' Paul Versus Luther's
Paul: Justification by Faith in the Aftermath of the Scholarly Crisis," St. Luke's Journal of Theology 34
(1994): 33-40. Paul F.
M. Zahl, “Mistakes of the New Perspective on Paul,”
Themelios 27 (2001): 5-11. Michael
Bachmann and Johannes Woyke, Lutherische und Neue Paulusperspektive:
Beiträg zu einem Schlüsselproblem der gegenwärtigen exegetischen Diskussion
(WUNT 2.182: John
Barclay, Obeying the Truth: A Study of
Paul’s Ethics in Galatians (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1988). Daniel Boyarin, A Radical Jew: Paul and
the Politics of Identity (California: University of California Press,
1994). Gary W.
Burnett, Paul and the Salvation of the
Individual ( W. S.
Campbell, Paul's Gospel in an Intercultural
Context: Jew and Gentile in the Letter to the Romans (Frankfurt am Main:
Peter Lang, 1991). D. A.
Carson, Divine Sovereignty and Human
Responsibility: Divine Perspectives in Tension (Atlanta: John Knox,
1981). D. A.
Carson, Peter O’Brien and Mark A. Seifrid, eds., Justification and Variegated Nomism: Volume 2 – The Paradoxes of Paul (WUNT 2.181:
A. Andrew Das, Paul, the Law,
and the Covenant ( A. Andrew
Das, Paul and
the Jews (Library of Pauline
Studies; ed. David A. DeSilva, An
Introduction to the New Testament: Context, Methods & Ministry Formation ( Terence
L. Donaldson, Paul and the Gentiles:
Remapping the Apostle's Convictional World (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1997). John W. Drane, Paul:
Libertine or Legalist? (London: SPCK, 1975). J. Ligon Duncan, Misunderstanding
Paul? Responding to the New Perspectives ( James D.
G. Dunn, Jesus, Paul and the Law:
Studies in Mark and Galatians (London: SPCK, 1990). James D. G. Dunn, The New Perspective on Paul: Collected Essays (WUNT 185; Tübingen: Mohr/Siebeck, 2005). James D.
G. Dunn, The Theology of Paul’s Letter
to the Galatians (Cambridge: CUP, 1993). James D.
G. Dunn and Alan M. Suggate, The Justice of God: A fresh look at the old doctrine of justification
by faith (Carlisle, UK: Paternoster, 1993). James D.
G. Dunn, The Theology of Paul the
Apostle (Edinburgh: T& T Clark, 1998). James D.
G. Dunn, ed., The Brad
Eastman, The Significance of Grace in
the Letters of Paul (New York: Peter Lang, 1999). Kathy Ehrensperger, That We
May Be Mutually Encouraged: Feminism and the New Perspective in Pauline
Studies ( Neil
Elliott, The Rhetoric of Romans:
Argumentative Constraint and Strategy and Paul's Dialogue with Judaism (JSNTSup 45; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1990). Timo Eskola, Theodicy and Predestination in Pauline Soteriology
(WUNT 2.100; Tübingen: Mohr/Siebeck,
1998). See “Excursus: The Theory of
Covenantal Nomism” pp. 52-60. He raises three main points: (1) If
legalism means that keeping the law affects eschatological salvation, then
covenantal nomism is legalistic nomism
by definition. (2) Covenantal nomism is a
synergistic nomism. (3) Sanders reduces
soteriology to the categories of sociology. Don B. Garlington, The
Obedience of Faith (WUNT 2.38; Tübingen: Mohr/Siebeck, 1991). Don B. Garlington, Faith,
Obedience, and Perseverance: Aspects of Paul’s Letter to the Romans (WUNT
79; Tübingen: Mohr/Siebeck,
1994). Don B. Garlington, In
Defense of the New Perspective on Paul: Essays and Reviews ( John G. Gager, Reinventing
Paul ( Simon J. Gathercole, Where
is the Boasting? Early Jewish Soteriology and
Paul’s Response in Romans 1-5 ( Michael
J. Gorman Apostle of the Crucified
Lord: A Theological Introduction to Paul and His Letters ( Sigurd Grindheim, The Crux of Election: Paul's Critique of the Jewish Confidence in the
Election of Martin Hengel (with R. Deines), The Pre-Christian Paul (London: SCM,
1991). “Although people nowadays are
fond of asserting otherwise, no one understood the real essence of Pauline
theology, the salvation given sola gratia, by faith alone, better than Augustine and
Martin Luther. Despite this rigorous reversal of all previous values and
ideals (Phil 3.7-11), Pauline theology – and therefore also Christian
theology – remains very closely bound up with Jewish theology. Its individual
elements and thought-structure derive almost exclusively from Judaism. This
revolutionary change becomes visible precisely in the fact that its previous
theological views remain present even in their critical reversal as a
negative foil, and help to determine the location of the new position.” (p.
86). Martin Hengel & Anne M. Schwemer, Paul
Between Martin Hengel and U. Heckel, eds., Paulus und das antike Judentum (WUNT 158; Tübingen: Mohr/Siebeck,
1996). Tom Holland, Contours of Pauline Theology: A Radical New
Survey of the Influences on Paul’s Biblical Writings ( David Horrell, An
Introduction to the Study of Paul ( Philip H.
Kern, Rhetoric and Galatians: Assessing
an Approach to Paul's Epistle (Cambridge: CUP, 1998). Seyoon Kim, Paul and the
New Perspective: Second Thoughts on the Origin of Paul's Gospel ( Matthias Konradt, Gericht und Gemeinde: Eine Studie zur Bedeutung
und Funktion von Gerichtsaussagen
im Rahmen der Paulinischen Ekklesiologie und Ethik im 1 Thess und 1 Kor ( Colin G.
Kruse, Paul, the Law and Justification (Leicester:
Apollos, 1996). Kari Kuula, The Law, the
Covenant, and God's Plan: Paul's Polemical Treatment of the Law in Galatians (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1999). Timo Laato, Paul and Judaism: An Anthropological Approach (South Florida Studies
in the History of Judaism 115; Atlanta: Scholars, 1995). Bruce W. Longenecker, Eschatology
and the Covenant: A Comparison of 4 Ezra and Romans 1-11 (JSNTSup 57; Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1991). Bruce W. Longenecker, The
Triumph of Abraham’s God: The Transformation of Identity in Galatians
(Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1998). Richard Longenecker, ed. The Road from Mark D. Nanos, The Mystery
of Romans: The Jewish Context of Paul's Letter (Minneapolis: Fortress,
1996). Mark D. Nanos, The Irony of
Galatians: Paul's Letter in First-Century Context ( Mark D. Nanos, ed., The
Galatians Debate: Contemporary Issues in Rhetorical and Historical
Interpretation ( Eung Chun Park, Either
Jew or Gentile: Paul’s Unfolding Theology of Inclusiveness ( Alan F.
Segal, Paul the Convert: The Apostolate
and Apostasy of Saul the Pharisee (New Haven: YUP, 1990). Vincent M. Smiles, The Gospel and Law in Galatia: Paul’s
Response to Jewish-Christian Separatism and the Threat of Galatian
Apostacy (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical, 1998). Peter Stuhlmacher, Revisiting
Paul’s Doctrine of Justification: A Challenge to the New Perspective ( Thomas R.
Schreiner, Paul: Apostle of God’s Glory
in Christ ( Chris Vanlandingham, Judgment
and Justification in Early Judaism and the Apostle Paul ( Guy
Prentiss Waters, Justification and the
New Perspectives on Paul: A Review and a Response (P&R
Publishing, 2004). Francis
Watson, Paul, Judaism and the Gentiles:
A Sociological Approach (SNTS 56; Cambridge: CUP, 1986). Stephen Westerholm, Israel’s
Law and the Church’s Faith (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans,
1988). Stephen Westerholm, Perspectives
Old and New on Paul: The “Lutheran” Paul and His Critics ( N. T.
Wright, The Climax of the Covenant:
Christ and the Law in Pauline Theology (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1991). N.T.
Wright, Paul: In Fresh Perspective
( Tom
Wright, What Tet-Lim
Kent L. Yinger, Paul,
Judaism, and Judgment According to Deeds (Cambridge: CUP, 1999). Michael
F. Bird, “Incorporated Righteousness: A
Response to Recent Evangelical Discussion Concerning the Imputation of
Christ’s Righteousness in Justification,” JETS
47.2 (2004): 243-75. This article contends that “union with
Christ” rather than “imputation” provides the proper exegetical context for
understanding justification in Paul. Gerald
Bray, “Justification: The Reformers and Recent New Testament Scholarship,” Churchman 109 (1995): 102-26. F. F.
Bruce, “Justification by Faith in the Non-Pauline Writings of the New
Testament,” EQ 24 (1952): 13-26. Craig B.
Carpenter, “A Question of D. A.
Carson, “Reflections on Salvation and Justification in the New Testament,” JETS 40 (1997): 581-608. D. A.
Carson, “The Vindication of Imputation: On Fields of Discourse and, of
Course, Semantic Fields,” in “Justification”:
What's at Stake in the Current Debates?, eds. M. A. Husbands & D. J.
Treier ( Charles
H. Cosgrove, “Justification in Paul: A Linguistic and Theological
Reflection,” JBL 106 (1987):
653-70. Martinus C. de Boer, 'Paul's
Use and Interpretation of a Justification Tradition in Galatians 2.15-21,’
JSNT 28 (2005): 189-216. William
J. Dumbrell,
“Justification in Paul: A Covenantal Perspective,” RTR 51 (1992): 91-101. William
J. Dumbrell,
“Justification and the New Covenant,” Churchman
112 (1998): 17-29. James D.
G. Dunn, “The Justice of God: A Renewed Perspective on Justification by
Faith,” JTS 43 (1992): 1-22. Philip Eveson, The Great
Exchange: Justification by faith alone in light of recent thought (Kent,
England: Day One Publications, 1996). R. Y. K. Fung, “The Status of Justification by Faith in Paul’s
Thought: A Brief Survey of a Modern Debate,” Themelios 6 (1981): 4-11. Don B. Garlington, “A Study of Justification by Faith,” Reformation and Revival 11 (2002):
55-73. Don B. Garlington, “Imputation or Robert H.
Gundry, “The Nonimputation of Christ’s
Righteousness,” in “Justification”:
What's at Stake in the Current Debates? eds. M.
A. Husbands & D. J. Treier ( Richard
B. Hays, “Justification,” in Anchor
Bible Dictionary, ed. David Noel Freedman (6 vols.;
ABRL; Mark
Husbands and Daniel J. Treier, eds., Justification: What’s at Stake in the
Current Debates ( Eberhard Jüngel, Justification: The Heart of the Christian Faith (trans. Jeffrey
F. Cayzer; Jan Lambrecht and R.W. Thompson, Justification by Faith: The Implications of Romans 3:27-31 (Wilmington:
Michael Glazier, 1989). Justification
signifies the universality of God’s love and marks the demise of boasting in
ethnocentric particularism. Eduard Lohse, “Theologie
der Rechtfertigung im kritischen Disput – zu einigen
neuen Perspektiven in der Interpretation der Theologie
des Apostels Paulus,” Göttingische
gelehrte Anzeigen 249 (1997): 66-81. Mark C.
Mattes, The Role of Justification in
Contemporary Theology ( Alister McGrath, Iustitia Dei: A
History of the Christian Doctrine of Justification (Cambridge: CUP,
1986). Alister McGrath, “Justification,” in DPL, eds. Gerald F. Hawthorne, Ralph P. Martin, and Daniel G.
Reid (Downers Grove, IL: IVP, 1993), 517-23. Richard K. Moore, Rectification
(‘Justification’) in Paul, in Historical Perspective, and in the English
Bible: God's Gift of Right Relationship (3 vols.;
Edward Mellen Press, 2002). Stephen Motyer, “Righteousness by Faith in the New Testament,” in
Here We Stand: Justification by Faith
Today (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1986),
33-56. All should note Motyer’s comment: “there is no doctrine of justification in the New Testament,
rather, there is a doctrine of righteousness”
(p. 34). Peter
O’Brien, “Justification in Paul and Some Crucial Issues of the Last Two
Decades,” in Right with God:
Justification in the Bible and the World (Carlisle: Paternoster, 1992),
69-95. John
Piper, Counted Righteous in Christ:
Should We Abandon the Imputation of Christ’s Righteousness? ( Joseph Plevnik, “Recent Developments in the Discussion
Concerning Justification by Faith,” TJT
2 (1986): 47-62. P.
Sedgwick, “Justification by Faith: One Doctrine, Many Debates?” Theology 93 (1990): 5-12. Thomas R.
Schreiner, “Did Paul Believe in Justification by Works? Another Look at
Romans 2,” BBR 3 (1993): 131-58. Mark A Seifrid, Justification by Faith: The
Origin and Development of a Central Pauline Theme (NovTSup 68; Leiden: Brill, 1992). Mark A. Seifrid, Christ, our Righteousness: Paul’s theology of justification (NSBT
9; Mark A. Seifrid, “In What Sense is ‘Justification’ a
Declaration?” Churchman 114.2
(2000): 123-36. Mark A. Seifrid, “Paul, Luther, and Justification in Gal Robert
Smith, “Justification in ‘the New Perspective on Paul’,” RTR 58.1 (1999): 16-30. Robert S.
Smith, Justification and Eschatology: A
Dialogue with "The New Perspective on Paul" ( Robert
Smith, “A Critique of the ‘New Perspective’ on Justification,” RTR 58.2 (1999) 98-113. George Vandevelde, “Justification between Scripture and
Tradition,” ERT 21 (1997): 128-148. N.T.
Wright, “Justification:
The Biblical Basis and its Relevance for Contemporary Evangelicalism,” in
The Great Acquittal,
ed. G. Reid (London: Collins, 1980), 13–37. N. T.
Wright, “Justification,” in New
Dictionary of Theology, eds. Sinclair B. Ferguson, David F. Wright
(Downers Grove, IL: IVP, 1988), 359-61. N.T. Wright,
“The Shape of Justification,” Bible
Review 17 (April 2001): 8, 50. Available electronically at: http://www.thetpaulpage.com/Shape.html. Wright’s response to Paul Barnett’s
critique. N. T.
Wright, “New Perspectives on Paul.” Paper presented to 10th
Edinburgh Dogmatics Conference August 2003. Available electronically at: http://www.ntwrightpage.com/Wright_New_Perspectives.htm. John Zeisler, “Justification by Faith in Light of the ‘New
Perspective’ on Paul,” Theology 94
(1991): 189-94. Martin Abegg, “Paul, ‘Works of the Law’ and MMT,” BAR 20.6 (1994): 52-55, 82. M. G. Abegg, “4QMMT C 27, 31 and Works Righteousness,” DSD 6 (1999): 139-47. M. G. Abegg, “4QMMT,” in DNTB, eds. Craig A. Evans and |
